什么是拟毛刺线虫属（Paratrichodorus）？

Paratrichodorus

徐建华

俗称粗短根线虫（stubby root nematodes）。属于矛线目，毛刺科。雌虫双卵巢，雄虫后部几乎直形、交合刺悬肌欠发达的一类线虫。拟毛刺属在毛刺科中种类数仅次于毛刺属，至1990年已报道有24个有效种，中国目前正式记载的仅1种。拟毛刺线虫为害寄主植物的根系而引起病变，一些种类可充当植物病毒的传播介体。

拟毛刺线虫较毛刺线虫略小，体长350～1200微米，经杀死固定后角质膜强烈膨大。后亚腹食道腺覆盖肠端，或肠端覆盖食道球，或两种类型均有发生。雌虫阴门后1体宽内无侧体孔，阴门骨化结构欠发达，受精囊有或无。雄虫尾部几乎直形，常有交合伞，交合刺近直形，悬肌欠发达。交配乳突1—3枚，但多数种类有3枚，且前2枚常常位于交合伞区内，与另一枚相距较远。腹中颈乳突1枚或无，罕见3枚。

拟毛刺属是英国M.R.西迪克（M.R.Siddiqi）于1974年将原毛刺属中的部分种类独立出来而成立的，与毛刺属在形态学上极其相似。基于这一原因，拟毛刺属的许多分类特征与毛刺属是相通的，如交合刺结构、阴门骨化结构形状、交配乳突位置、腹中颈乳突数目和瘤针长度，但某些特征在两属内的变异性不同，因此分类价值大小不同。拟毛刺属有别于毛刺属的特异性分类依据有雄虫的有无、交配乳突数目、精子结构、雌虫受精囊的有无和精子贮存方式。

拟毛刺线虫的取食习性、为害症状、生活史长短、生态条件的要求等均与毛刺线虫相似。在传播植物病毒方面，目前有6种拟毛刺线虫被证明与2种烟草脆裂病毒组病毒有关：葱拟毛刺线虫、小拟毛刺线虫、厚皮拟毛刺线虫、突尼斯拟毛刺线虫和光滑拟毛刺线虫分别传播烟草脆裂病毒（TRV）的不同株系，次拟毛刺线虫传播辣椒环斑病毒（PRV）。

具有较重要经济意义的拟毛刺线虫有以下几种。次拟毛刺线虫[P.minor（Colbran）Siddiqi]（异名：P.christiei）是第一种被证实有致病作用的植物外寄生线虫，广泛分布于美国，在巴西、南非、菲律宾、台湾、新西兰和欧洲某些地区也有发生，属多食性害虫，重要的寄主有燕麦、白菜、向日葵、莴苣、番茄、红三叶草、白三叶草、洋葱、甜菜、草莓、薄荷、无花果、悬钩子等；葱拟毛刺线虫[P.allius（Jensen）Siddiqi]在美国危害洋葱，受害鳞茎体部呈**，两端黑褐色且表面有许多溃疡病斑，严重发病时寄主产量可下降达9成；多孔拟毛刺线虫[P.porosus（Allen）Siddiqi]在美国、巴西、印度、日本、韩国、中国和南非均有报道，在日本该线虫是山药黑色粗皮病（Black Scurf）的病原，在其它地区对高粱、玉米等作物尤其具有致病性。

拟鞘线虫属（Hemicriconemoides）

Hemicriconemoides

王明祖

一类以雌虫体外包被角质膜体鞘为特征的外寄生线虫。属垫刃线虫目、环线虫亚目、环线虫总科、环线虫科、拟鞘线虫亚科。已知30多种。雌雄虫蠕虫形。雌虫体呈长圆筒状，具有双层表皮角质膜，外层为鞘状。鞘状部分在头部、阴门处，有时在尾末端贴紧身体。鞘环和体环数目相同，50～158个，环平圆，个别种类如小型拟鞘线虫体环向后翻。环上没有磷片、刺或其他附属物。有或无侧带区。唇区形状多样，缢缩或不缢缩，具有唇环3个，少数2个。伪唇片不明显，没有亚中唇片。口针长，基部球大，锚状，极少数圆形。单生殖腺，前伸，直，阴门位于体后部近末端，开裂或闭合。具有或缺侧角质阴门盖。尾形多样，末端钝圆到尖锐。雄成虫体稍细，没有体鞘。有侧带区，刻线4条。唇区圆形或圆锥形，一般不缢缩。尾呈圆锥形到近圆锥形，交合伞小，存在于近尾末端或者几乎就在尾末端或者没有；交合刺细，刚毛状，向腹面弯曲；引带小而简单，棒状。幼虫体表角质膜单层，体环上具有光滑、齿状或刺状的鳞饰物，纵向排列，一般交错成行或不规则。口针基部球锚形。本属线虫又称半轮线虫，介于轮线虫属和鞘线虫属之间，因此同时具备以上二属线虫的某些特征。本属线虫存在沙性土壤和偏碱性土壤中，以身体前端侵入到植物根的皮层内取食。为害农作物、牧草及林木植物。

甘蔗拟鞘线虫是印度甘蔗田里最常见的一种寄生线虫，在甘蔗根部可发现各种发育阶段，受害根变色，表皮细胞脱落，根系发育不良，影响产量。卡纳亚拟鞘线虫是日本和中国台湾最常见的茶树寄生线虫。韦森拟鞘线虫在美国的佛罗里达州侵害甘蔗、松树和杨梅树。椰子拟鞘线虫除侵害椰子树外，还危害甘蔗。直茎拟鞘线虫是椰子树的病原线虫。

粘菌

slime moulds

李玉

介于动物和植物之间的一类原始真核生物。与真菌并列隶属于菌物界，又称粘虫（Mycetozoa）或裸菌（Gymnomycota）。粘菌的生活环境与真菌相近，分类命名原则与真菌相同，因此，粘菌的研究也由真菌工作者承担。

粘菌分布于湿冷阴暗的森林和草地的朽木、败叶和土壤中。营养体是一团多核、非细胞结构的原生质，有细胞质膜，无细胞壁，移动摄食有机物。营养体以分裂方式进行无性繁殖。从营养阶段转入繁殖阶段时，原质团转变为一个或一群非细胞结构的子实体，其表面和里面产生一个或多个孢子。根肿菌是粘菌中唯一营寄生生活的类群。真粘菌是粘菌中最大的类群，可供研究原生质性质、DNA合成、生物遗传机制、有丝分裂和生物形态发生的材料，异宗配合的粘菌可用于研究有机体的倍体性对生理活动的影响。

简史

中国唐朝陈藏器著《本草拾遗》中记述的“鬼屎”，据认为是最早关于粘菌的记载。俄国人潘可夫（Panckov）1656年对粉瘤菌的描述是粘菌最早的文献记载。意大利米凯利（Pier Antonio Micheli）1729年首先描述了粘菌若干属。瑞典林奈（Carl yon Linnaeus）描述了粘菌6个种，他的《植物的种》（Species Plantakum，1753）一书被国际植物学会定为粘菌命名的起点，当时他认为粘菌属于腹菌类。德国林克（Heinrich Friedrich Link）1833年最先使用“粘菌”这一名称，并将粘菌与腹菌分开。德国德巴利（Heinrich Anton de Bary）1853年认为粘菌是动物，改称“粘虫”，该名沿用至今。德巴利的学生波兰人罗斯塔凡斯基（T.J.Rostafinski）1873年将粘虫分为外生孢子和内生孢子两类，从而奠定了现代粘菌分类基础。1885年之后，集胞菌、腹粘菌、根肿菌、水生粘菌和原柄菌相继并入粘菌。许多学者，如美国马丁（George Willard Martin）和惠特克（R.H.Whittaker）主张粘菌只限于“真粘菌”。70年代之后，英国安斯沃思（Geoffery Clough Ainsworth）总结前人的研究提出粘菌门下设粘菌纲、集胞菌纲、水生粘菌纲和根肿菌纲等4个纲。近年来阿历索保罗（Contantine J.Alex-opoulos）等将这些类群归在裸菌门，而将根肿菌移到单倍体鞭毛菌中。粘菌门通常包括粘菌、鹅绒菌、集胞菌、网柄菌、原柄菌、水生粘菌和根肿菌。随着科学技术的发展，粘菌的形态发生、内部构造和遗传生化等领域的研究进展较快。中国的粘菌研究起步于20世纪30年代，近年得到较大发展，周宗璜是中国这一研究领域的先驱者之一。

形态特征

粘菌的营养体为各种类型的无细胞壁的原质团，子实体是不同类型的孢子器，以分裂方式进行繁殖，性的特征有或无。

营养体

有四种类型。

游动细胞

粘菌、根肿菌的一种具鞭毛能游动的单个细胞。

粘变形体

一种裸露的变形虫状单倍体细胞，具线状或瓣片状假足。遇不利环境条件粘变形体形成休眠孢，称为小胞囊。

假原质团

集胞菌中许多粘变形体集合形成腊肠形变形虫状的结构，又称“蛞蝓”或“鼻涕虫”。

原质团

多数粘菌（原柄菌、粘菌、根肿菌等）的一种含多个细胞核的裸露原生质团，以变形虫方式移动并摄取营养。粘菌纲的原质团具原生质往复节律运动，根据形态的不同分为三种：①显型原质团（phaneroplasmodium）。个体大而明显，常出现于基物表面，其原生质为明显颗粒状，整体常呈扇形，边缘明确，后部脉纹状。②隐型原质团（aphaneroplasmo-dium）。整体平薄透明，网脉很细，颗粒状结构不明显，不呈扇形，常隐蔽在基物内的空隙中。③原始型原质团（protoplasmodium）。形体很小，肉眼难见，原生质颗粒状结构很不明显，无网脉状结构，不呈扇形。在干燥、低温、缺少食物等不良环境下原质团形成一种坚硬角质体，称为菌核，环境条件好转后可恢复为原质团。

子实体

有八种类型：

接合子

两个游动配子或两个粘变形体结合而成的双倍体细胞。

孢子果

sporocarp

原柄菌的子实体，极微小，具中空的柄，上生1～4个孢子。

孢团果

sorocarp

又称孢堆果，集胞菌的子实体，具柄，顶端生一团孢子。

孢（子）囊

粘菌的一种具内生孢子的孢子器，由以下各个部分组成：①基质层。子实体基部的一层薄的沉积物，是原质团产生子实体时的分泌物或其体鞘的遗骸。②孢囊柄。支撑孢囊的结构，中空或内有填充物。③孢（囊）被。孢子囊外围的覆被或壁，早期消失或长期存留，有的具特定的开裂方式。④（孢）囊轴。又称菌柱，是孢囊内柄的延伸部分或由孢囊基部向内形成的球形、圆锥形、长形不孕结构。⑤假囊轴。某些粘菌孢子囊中一种钙质的球状体或棒状体，与孢囊结构无联系。⑥孢丝。子实体中不孕性线状体，与孢子掺混但互不连结，呈发网状、螺纹状、螺带状。⑦假孢丝。粘菌复囊体和假复囊体内类似孢丝的不规则线状、片状、刚毛状或穿孔板片状结构。⑧孢子。子实体内唯一的或主要的内含物，常呈球形，具细胞壁，表面光滑或有纹饰，孢子成堆时可呈现各种颜色。

图1 盘基网柄菌（Dictyostelium discoideum的生活史）

1.孢子萌发，放出一个粘变形体；2.粘变形体；3.粘变形体集合的群流；4.假原质体（蛞蝓体，在柱柄上）；5.孢柱形成的假原质体前端的粘变形体中部向下推，形成一个圆筒状的柄；6.稍后阶段，禾柄的形成；7.成熟的子实体具有细胞状结构的柄；8.未成熟的大胞囊，在其中发生核配；9.成熟的大胞囊，减数分裂在其中发生，萌发时，产生粘变形体

英雄联盟盲僧说的“一库”是什么意思？是日语吗？如果是日语就不要解释了

关于教师节的来历英文版

　教师节的来历有很多，当然我们也能用英文表示出来，下面就是我为大家整理的关于教师节的来历英文版,仅供参考!

　第一篇：关于教师节的来历英文版

　中国的教师节

　In China, teachers are held in high esteem. September 10th is the Teachers' Day of China. This day is in honor of all those involved in the teaching profession。

　September 28th is the birthday of the world-famous teacher Confucius---Kong Zi. Kongzi is a great philosopher and he is also agreat teacher. He had thousands of disciples (students)， including Aristotle. In the ancient times, Kongzi's birthday was regarded as a Teachers' Day.

　Now, September 10th is the Teachers' Day of China. In 1984, Wang Zishen, former president of Beijing Normal University,suggested to establish a festival day for the Chinese teachers. OnJan. 21st, 1985, September 10th was fixed as the Teachers' Day of China.

　在中国，教师受到很大的尊重。9月10日是中国的教师节。这是为了纪念所有从事教育事业的人们。

　9月28是闻名于世的孔子的生辰。孔圣人是个伟大的哲学家，但他又是个伟大的老师。他有许多门徒，就是今天我们说得学生，包括亚里士多德。在古代的时候，人们把孔子的生辰作为教师节。

　现在，9月10日是中华人民共和国的教师节。在1984年，王梓坤教授，北京师范大学前校长，建议要建立中国的教师节。在1985年的`1月，第六届全国人大常委会第九次会议确定，每年9月10日为中国的教师节。

　1、我国教师节的演变(Evolvement of Chinese Teachers'Day)

　?"6.6"教师节：1931年5月，教育家、南京中央大学教授爽秋、程其保等发起，拟定每年6月6日为教师节。

　?"8.27"教师节：1939年，当时的政府教育部决定以中国教育家孔子的诞辰8月27日为教师节。

　?"5.1"教师节：1951年，中华人民共和国教育部、中华全国总工会共同商定，将教师节与"五一"国际劳动节合并一起。

　?"9.10"教师节：由王梓坤教授发起，1985年1月21日，六届全国人大第九次会议正式通过国务院关于建立教师节的议案，并决定9月10日为我国的教师节。

　第二篇：关于教师节的来历英文版

　We need a holiday to honor think about those instructors who impacted your life. The teacher who inspired you into a position of leadership. The teacher who dared you to be a pilot. The teacher who directed you to be a computer programmer. The teacher who tapped into your creativity and encouraged you to be a writer. The teacher who struck a cord for the start of your music career. The teacher who planted the seed for your new business, medical, or legal career. The teacher who gave you the confidence to excel in sports, and to deal with the difficult problems and people you were sure to encounter.

　This holiday is Teachers' Day!

　我们需要一个节日来回报和思考把我们的生命变得丰富和坚强得教师们。无论您是一位政府官员、一位飞行员、或者是一位计算机程序员、更或者您是一位音乐家、商人、医生、律师、体育运动员，您都应该清楚地明白，这一切都离不开教师们的努力。

　这个节日就是教师节。

　Teachers' Day of China

　第三篇：关于教师节的来历英文版

　Teachers' Day comes on September 10th every year. On the day we usually give our teachers cards to show our thanks. I thank them for helping me when I am in trouble, and I thank them for teaching me how to be a real man.

　Of course they are very friendly to everyone. They always get on very well with their students. They are not only our teachers but also our friends. They love us very much and we love them,too.

　每年的九月十日是教师节。在那天，我们通常送卡片采表示我们对老师的谢意。我感谢他们在我困难的时候帮助我，我感谢他们教会我怎样做人。

　当然他们对所有的学生都很关心，他们与学生的关系非常融洽。他们不仅是我们的老师，而且还是我们的朋友。他们十分爱我们，而我们也非常敬爱他们。

　附：教师节英语祝福语

　for all the great things you say and do the best teacher?s award goes to you.因为您的身教言教，颁给您最佳教师奖

　You are like a third parent. We all love you and respect you.您就象我们的家长，我们都敬爱您。

　A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.一个教师对人的影响是永恒的

　The primary purpose of education is not to teach you to earn your bread， but to make every mouthful sweet.教育最主要的目的，不是教你懂得如何谋生，而是使每个人生活得更香甜。

　We wish to show our gratitude and thanks with a small gift. Happy Teachers Day!我们送您一件小礼物，以表我们对您的感激之情。教师节愉快!

　One good teacher in a lifetime may sometimes change a delinquent into a solid citizen.一个好教师具有化腐朽为神奇的力量。

　Teacher， who educate children， deserve more honor than parents， who merely gave them birth; for the latter provided more life， while the former ensure a good life.教育儿童的教师应当享有比父母更多的荣誉，父母只给孩子生命，而教师则创造了一个完善的生命。

　Our beloved teacher， you are the spring shower that moistens our hearts. The love and care you have given us will encourage us to go through a long and arduous journey.亲爱的老师，您就象那春天的细雨，滋润着我们的心田。您给予我们的爱和关怀将鼓舞着我们走过艰难困苦.

　What sculpture is to a block of marble， education is to the soul.教育之于灵魂，犹如雕刻之于大理石。

　The whole secret of the teachers force lies in the conviction that men are convertible.教师力量的全部秘密，就在于深信人是可以改变的。

　Dear teacher， thank you for illuminating my voyage of life with your own light of life. My grateful sentiments come from the bottom of my heart.老师，感谢您用自己的生命之光，照亮了我人生的旅途，对您我满怀感谢之情。

　Our beloved teacher， you are the spring shower that moistens our hearts. The love and care you have given us will encourage us to go through a long and arduous journey.亲爱的老师，您就象那春天的细雨，滋润着我们的心田。您给予我们的爱和关怀将鼓舞着我们走过艰难困苦.

　It is the most appropriate time to show you our thanks.现在是向您表达感激之情最为恰当的时刻。

　I am truly grateful to you for what you have done.我深深地感激您所做的一切。

　You have been a qualified teachers and even better friend. Thank you for all that you have done.您不仅是一位合格的教师，更是一位好朋友，谢谢您所做的一切。

;

英文协议书

英雄联盟中盲僧说的“一库”是英文，拼写是“echo”，并不是日语中的读音。是一种表达情感的语气词，它常被用于美国截拳道中的发音。这个单词本意是“发出回声、重复、共鸣”。

拓展内容：

盲僧（李青）是竞技游戏《英雄联盟》中的一位英雄。李青是一个近战战士型英雄，拥有很高的机动性和爆发力，单挑和小规模团战能力很强，同时李青也是非常优秀的打野英雄，非常擅长野区的遭遇战和Gank，是非常致命的英雄人物。他的缺点是比较依赖技能的命中率和连招成功率，需要大量的练习才能掌握。

参考资料：

百度百科-李青

　在发展不断提速的社会中，需要使用协议书的场合越来越多，协议书具有法律效力，确立某种法律关系。到底应如何拟定协议书呢？下面是我帮大家整理的英文协议书4篇，希望能够帮助到大家。

英文协议书 篇1

　Confidentiality Agreement

　甲方：

　Party A：

　Party B：_______________________________; Passport No:_________________________

　鉴于甲方从事之经营项目的特殊性，甲乙双方根据有关法律、法规规定、在遵循平等自愿、协商一致、诚实信用的原则下，就乙方在任职期间以及离职后的有关事项达成如下协议： Whereas Party A engaged in the business view of the special nature of the project, both parties in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, in compliance with equality, voluntariness, consensus, under the principle of good faith, during party B’s tenure and after leaving , the matter reached the following agreement:

　 第一条 保密

　Item 1 Confidentiality

　1.1 乙方承诺，在本协议约定的保密期内，严格按照本协议的保密内容以及公司的保密制度 履行保密义务。For the term of this agreement, Party B promise to strictly fulfill confidentiality obligations, according to the confidentiality content & company’s confidentiality policy.

　 第二条 保密内容

　Item 2 Confidentiality Content

　2.1 不为公众知悉，能为甲方带来经济利益，具有实用性并经权利人采取保密措施的技术信息和经营信息，包括但不限于：专有技术及配方、新产品研发过程及成果、经营计划及策略、财务状况、客户资料以及供应商资料等。Technical and management information, which was not known by the public, can bring economic benefits to Party A, with practicality, and the right take security measures for, including but not limited to: intellectual property and formulations, new product development process and results, management plans and strategies, financial condition, customer data and vendor information, etc.

　2.2 甲方已掌握并负有保密责任的第三者（如甲方的客户或者供应商）的技术信息和经营信息，包括但不限于：专有技术及配方、新产品研发过程及成果、经营计划及策略、财务状况、客户资料以及供应商资料等等。Party A controls and has a duty of confidentiality to protect third

　parties (such as the Party A's customers or suppliers) of technical and management information, including but not limited to: intellectual property and formulations, new product development process and results, business plans and strategies, financial condition, customer data and vendor information, and so on.

　2.3 甲方以书面或其他形式确定为商业秘密的资料和信息。Data and information which Party A in writing or otherwise identified as trade secret.

　 第三条 保密期限

　Item 3 Confidentiality Period

　3.1 除非甲方通过书面形式明确本协议所涉及的某项保密内容可以不用保密，则乙方应从与甲方建立劳动关系之日起（包括试用期内），无限期保守甲方之商业秘密。Unless Party A make sure in writing that a certain confidential content covered by this agreement can not be confidential , then Party B should keep the Party A ’s trade secret for ever from the date of labor relations (including probation).

　 第四条 泄密

　Item 4 Leakage of the Trade Secret

　4.1 凡未经甲方总经理或保密委员会书面授权而直接或间接以任何形式向任何人或任何组织透露上述、涉及保密内容的行为均属泄密。Without the written authorization of the general manager or security committee of party A, behaviors of directly or indirectly, in any form to any person or organization to disclose the above the content, are related to confidential disclosure.

　4.2 当甲方将有关保密内容的资料或信息交由乙方保管时，若因乙方保管不当造成该资料或信息的遗失、公开、泄露时，同样视为泄密。When Party A ask party B to keep relating to the contents of confidential data or information, if loss, publicity, disclosure caused by improper storage of the data or information, for party B, the same as a leak.

　 第五条 违约责任

　Item 5 Liability for Breach

　5.1 如乙方行为造成泄密的，应立即终止泄密行为以及因此而引致的侵犯甲方商业秘密的行为，积极协助甲方采取补救措施防止泄密范围的继续扩大，并向甲方支付由于违约行为而照成的经济损失，该损失包括：直接损失、潜在损失以及权利人为主张权利而支付的费用等。The trade secret leakage caused by the Party B’s behavior, those behavior should be immediately terminated and the acts of infringement on Party A ’s trade secrets should be immediately

　terminated; Party B should actively assist the Party A to take remedial measures to prevent the continued expansion of the disclosure, due to the breach, Party B should pay to Party A according to the caused economic losses, the losses include: direct losses, potential losses and the expenses of the allegation.

　5.2 若该泄密行为发生在甲、乙双方劳动合同关系存续期间，则乙方除承担上述责任外，甲方还有权无条件解除与乙方的劳动合同。If the leaks occurred during the term of the labor contract between Party A and Party B, In addition to assumption of these responsibilities by Party B, Party A has the right to unconditionally terminate the labor contract with Party B

　 第六条 争议解决

　Item 6 Dispute Resolution

　6.1 如因本协议之履行发生争议，甲、乙双方应友好协商解决；协商不成，由公司所在地人民法院处理。If there is a dispute on implementation of this agreement, Party A and Party B should be settled through friendly consultations; otherwise by the local people's court in the area of the company, if negotiation fails.

　 第七条 本协议一式两份，甲、乙双方各执一份，每份具同等效力。

　Item 7 This agreement shall be held in two copies of the same form. Each party shall preserve one copy with equal legal effect.

　甲方： 乙方：

　Part A： Party B:

　代表人：

　Representative ：

　Date ： Date ：

英文协议书 篇2

　1．甲方的责任

　1．1甲方将对乙方拥有的叉车提供每季度的定期上门保养服务。每台车每年（或每_________小时）保养4次。

　1．2完成每次保养服务之后，_________将向乙方提供一份叉车状况报告，其中包括建议采取的措施。

　1．3甲方将向乙方提供每年一次免费的日常检查培训。

　1．4_________叉车平均使用寿命为_________年（_________小时），视各行业的设备使用年限标准而不同。

　1．5_________叉车的质保期为_________小时或一年，保修期内，提供四次免费保养。2．乙方的'责任

　2．1甲方将提供保养用润滑脂及润滑油，保养所需易损件需另行购买。

　2．2乙方应填写简短报告，并将其传真给_________办事处，以便_________安排保养及维修工作。

　2．3乙方将在收到发票后一个月内付给甲方保养及其它服务或维修费用。

　2．4乙方须在双方约定的时间将叉车提供给甲方维修人员做保养。否则须向甲方维修人员付等候费每小时_________元。

　3．服务费

　3．1每台叉车每年四（4）次定期保养服务，收费为人民币_________元（即rmb_________／次／每台车）。交通费免收。

　3．2其它不在保修期限内的维修或故障修理的费用为每小时_________元，另收配件费。

　3．3结算方式：每完成一次结算一次。

　4．协议期限

　此协议期限为12个月，从自货物到达到货买方工厂并调试合格之日起十二个月或_________工时后（产品使用期之较短者为产品的保修期）算起。

　5．更新或终止

　5．1协议期满后，双方将回顾协议的条款条件及执行情况，以决定是否更新或终止。

　5．2在协议执行期间，如双方不能达成一致以解决冲突或争执，任何一方都可提前三十天书面通知另一方以终止协议。

　甲方（签字）：_________ 乙方（签字）：_________

　_________年____月____日 _________年____月____日

　附件：

　typical maintenance agreement

　1.party a responsibilities

　（1）party a will provide year/ 3 month periodical maintenance service to the forklift trucks owned by party bin party b ’s factory.this periodical maintenance service will be carried out for four （4） times per year（or per _________ hours）for each unit.

　（2）a condition report with recommend action to be taken will be come out to party bafter completing each periodical maintenance service.

　（3）daily check training will be conducted to party b ’s forklift operators once a year for free of charge.

　（4）the average life of _________ truck is _________years （_________ hours）， which may vary in different field of industry according to its own use.

　2.party bresponsibilities

　（1）grease and all kinds of lubrication oil will be provided by party a . parts will be purchased by the party b .

　（2）party bcomplete a short report ， and fax it to _________ office who will used these information to schedule the maintenance and other repair.

　（3）party bwill pay _________ invoices for the maintenance service and other additional service or repair within one

　month after receipt of the invoices.

　（4）make sure the truck will be available for _________ mechanic to carry on the maintenance job at the agreed time by both parties.otherwise will pay for the cost of one waiting mechanic for rmb_________ per an hour.

　3.service fee

　（1）_________ hour / 3 month periodical maintenance service to the forklift truck will be charged for rmb_________ for four （4） times a year to one truck（rmb_________/time/unit）. free trafffic fee.

　（2）any other service and breakdown repair that is not covered by warranty will be charged on hours spent against rate of rmb_________ per hour， plus parts replaced.

　（3）settlement term： settle after maintenance every time.

　4.term of the agreement

　this agreement shall have a term of _________months， commencing on 12 months or _________operation hours whichever comes first.

　5.renew and termination

　（1）by the end of the term， both parties will review this agreement with its terms and conditions， and service performance to renew or terminate it.

　（2）during the course of the performance of the agreement， if the parties cannot reach an agreement to resolve a conflict or dispute， either party may terminate the agreement by giving the other party a written notice 30 days in advance.

　party a（signature）：_________ party b（signature）： _________

　date：_________________________ date：_________________________

英文协议书 篇3

　LOAN AGREEMENT

　BETWEEN

　XI AN ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING CO., LTD

　AND

　INNOMIND GROUP LIMITED

　[month] [day] 20xx·CHINA DALIAN

　Loan Agreement

　This Loan Agreement (the “Agreement”) is entered into on the month day 20xx in XiAn, China by the following parties:

　1. Borrower (“Party A”): XiAn Environment Engineering Co., Ltd Registered Address:

　2. Lender (“Party B”): Innomind Group Limited Registered Address: Tel: N/A

　Whereas:

　(1) Party A is a wholly-foreign owned enterprise incorporated and operating within the territory of China in accordance with the laws of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”); the registration number of its legal and valid business license is Qi Du Liao Da Zong Zi No. 015863, and the registered address is ....;

　(2) Party B is an enterprise incorporated in accordance with the law of British Virgin Islands, holding 100% of Party A’s equity interest; the registration number of its legal and valid Business License is 1064500, and the legal registered address is ......;

　(3) Party B agrees to provide loans to Party A within the range of the difference between the registered capital and the total investment of Party A;

　Therefore, in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC, the Parties, after friendly consultation, agree as follows:

　Article 1 Type of the Loan

　Party B agrees to provide mid-term loan to Party B in accordance with the provisions of the Loan Agreement (hereinafter as “the Agreement”).

　Article 2 Usage of the Loan

　The loan under this Agreement shall be used for the working capital for the business operation of Party A. Party A shall not change the usage of the loan without the prior written consent of Party B.

　Article 3 The Amount and Term of the Loan

　3.1 The currency of the loan under this Agreement shall be US Dollar and the amount shall be[][GLO: amount to be decided since about to USD3million will be paid out of the total proceeds as expenses of this financing. Financial advisors to

英文协议书 篇4

　销售合同

　SALES CONTRACT

　买方：JOONAS&CO.,LTD, 10 LOUIS PASTEUR STEET PORT LOUIS MAURITIUS合同号/Contract No: BF20100601

　The Buyer : JOONAS&CO.,LTD, 10 LOUIS PASTEUR STEET PORT LOUIS MAURITIUS

　TEL：230-2400778 FAX: 230-2408285

　卖方：唐山丰润百丰商贸

　日期/Date: 20xx-05-29

　TEL: 0086 -315-5505831FAX: 0086-315-5505833

　The Seller: Tangshan fengrun baifeng Trading Co.ltd

　兹经买卖双方同意,由买方购进,卖方出售下列货物,并按下列条款签订本合同:

　This CONTRACT is made by and between the Buyers and Sellers; whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned goods on the terms and conditions stated below:

　Description of Goods: As follows.

　1.原产地和制造厂家（Country of Origin and Manufacturer）：

　中国 ChinaTangshan fengrun baifeng Trading Co.ltd

　2.包装（Packing）：STANDARD EXPORT PACKAGING

　3.Shipment（装运方式）：合同中货物全部用20’集装箱海运In Contract by 20’ Container.

　4.装运期限（Time of Shipment）：WITHIN15-20 WORKING DAYS AFTER RECEIPT OF 30%T/T

　5.装运口岸（Port of Loading）：上海 中国SHANGHAI China

　6.目的口岸（Port of Destination）：Port Louis, Mauritius

　7.付款条款(Terms of Payment）：30%DOWN PAYMENT + 70% T/TAFTER RECEIVED THE COPY OF B/L

　8.签约合同（Sign of Contract）：本合同传真有效This contract will valid for fax contract sign

　9.人力不可抗议(Force Majeure)：由于水灾，火灾，地震，干旱，战争或协议一方无法预见，控制，避免和克服的其他事件导致不能或暂时不能全部或部分履行本协议，该方不负责托。但是，受不可抗议力事件影响的一方必须尽快将发生的时间通知另一方，并在不可抗议力事件发生15（拾伍）天内将有关机构的不可抗议力事件的证明寄交对方。Either party shall not be held responsible for failure or delay to perform all or any part of this agreement due to flood, fire, earthquake, draught, war or any other events which could not be predicted, co(转 载 于:w : 协议书英文范本 )ntrolled, avoided, or overcome by the relative party. However, the party affected by the event of Force Majeure shall inform the other party of its occurrence in writing as soon as possible and thereafter send a certificate of the event issued by the relevant authorities to the other party within 15 days after it’s occurrence.

　10. 货物要求（CRC requirements）:

　10.1 每件货物重量大约5吨。Weight of Coils: About 5 tons

　10.2冷卷按照实重出货。 Material & Coils to be of prime quality without defects

　10.3 尺寸公差 ：the thickness :±3% thickness10.4 卷的用途用于制管: suitable for cutting into sheets

　10.5 OTHERS :

　1. Edges of Coil should be straight & not wavy. Surface should be flat.

　2. Coils should be suitable for cutting into sheets.

　3. Coil I.D: 508mm

　12.违约（Breaking the contract）：

　12.1若超过装运期限卖方每天必须向买方支付货物总价款0.5%的违约金。The sellers must pay the buyers0.5% of the price of all the goods per day for breaking the contract of shipping time.

　12.2如果延期超过5天卖方须向买方支付货物总价款5%的违约金。与此同时，买方保留是否继续履行合同的决定权。

　If the shipping time is defered for over 5 days, the sellers must pay 5% of the price of all the goods. At the same time, the buyers reserve the right to go on carrying out the promise or not.

　13.仲裁（Arbitration）：在履行协议过程中，如发生争议，双方应友好协商解决，若通过友好协商未能达成协议，则提交中国国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会，根据该会仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。若以方不符裁决，再则由新加坡国际仲裁法按照该会仲裁程序的有关规定进行仲裁。以上所有仲裁费用，除另有规定外，均由败诉方负担。All disputes arising from the execution of this agreement shall be settled through friendly consultations. In case no settlement can be reached, the case in dispute shall then be submitted to the Foreign Trad Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade for Arbitration in accordance with its Provisional Rules of Procedure. The decesion made by this commission shall be regarded as final and binding upon both parties. Arbitration fees shall be borne by the losing party, unless otherwise awarded.

　14.注意（NOTICE）:本合同一式两份，双方签订后生效。this contract is in two copies since being signed by both parties

　15. BANK INFORMATION:

　BANK INFORMATION:

　SWIFT:CHASUS33

　PAY TO:JP MORGAN CHASE BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONFOR A/C OF:AGRICULTURAL BANK OF CHINA,HEAD OFFICE BEIJINGACCOUNT NAME:TANGSHAN FENGRUN BAIFENG TRADING CO. LTD.ADD:61 WEST XINHUA ROAD,TANGSHAN,HEBEI,CHINA.

　买方 (Buyer)

　卖方（Seller）xxxx公司 TANGSHAN FENGRUN BAIFENG TRADING CO. LTD IN FAVOR OF:ACCOUNT WITH AGRICULTURAL BANK OF CHINA,TANGSHAN BRANCH.ACCOUNT NAME: TANGSHAN FENGRUN BAIFENG TRADING CO. LTD.